NOTE AS TO SYMBOLS
In a few cases certain mathematical symbols have been employed, the use of which in modern mathematical work may be unfamiliar to students.
Used instead of to represent a factorial. Thus
n != n=n (n–1) (n– 2) 1,
where n is positive and integral.
Denotes an identity which is true for all values of the variable.
Used instead of nCr, (n, r) or n
r!(n–r)1
Tends to the value ; has the limiting value, e.g.
As x-ma x, `1+
y en and e-x 0. -
x
(r )